Environmental Justice and the Role of Green Tribunals in Post-COP28 India
Climate change, pollution, and environmental degradation are no longer distant concerns— they are urgent realities affecting every corner of India. Following the recent COP28 summit, India faces both the challenge and the opportunity to strengthen its environmental governance. Central to this effort is the role of National Green Tribunals (NGTs), specialized courts that ensure environmental laws are enforced and citizens have a platform to seek justice.
Green Tribunals were established to provide speedy and effective resolution of environmental disputes. Unlike regular courts, NGTs have expertise in environmental science, law, and policy, which allows them to tackle complex issues like air and water pollution, deforestation, industrial waste, and climate-related disputes more efficiently. In the post-COP28 era, where global commitments demand immediate
and measurable action, NGTs have become crucial in translating policy into tangible outcomes.
One of the key areas where Green Tribunals make a difference is in pollution control. Air quality in Indian cities continues to pose severe health risks, and rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna face ongoing contamination challenges. NGTs have the authority to enforce stricter regulations on industries, monitor compliance, and hold violators accountable. Their interventions not only protect the environment but also safeguard public health, illustrating the link between environmental justice and social well-being.
Another important role of NGTs is in climate accountability. COP28 emphasized reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable practices. In India, Green Tribunals can ensure that infrastructure projects, urban development, and energy initiatives align with environmental standards. By evaluating environmental impact assessments, imposing fines, and mandating corrective actions, NGTs ensure that India meets its climate commitments while balancing economic development.
Green Tribunals also empower citizens and communities. Local populations affected by industrial pollution, deforestation, or waste dumping can approach NGTs directly, bypassing lengthy court procedures. This access to justice strengthens participatory democracy and ensures that environmental decision-making considers the voices of those most impacted.
However, challenges remain. NGTs face a heavy backlog of cases, limited resources, and sometimes resistance from powerful industrial interests. Moreover, coordination with other government agencies and state authorities is not always smooth. Strengthening the capacity of NGTs, improving procedural efficiency, and ensuring independence from political or corporate pressure are critical steps to maximize their impact.
The post-COP28 context also underscores the importance of integrating global standards into local governance. India’s climate pledges are ambitious, but without effective enforcement mechanisms, targets may remain aspirational. Green Tribunals can bridge this gap by ensuring compliance with national laws, international commitments, and environmental norms. They play a vital role in creating a culture of accountability, where environmental harm has legal consequences.
In conclusion, the National Green Tribunals are more than just judicial bodies—they are guardians of environmental justice. In a time when India must meet ambitious climate goals while addressing urgent ecological challenges, NGTs provide a practical and legal mechanism to protect nature, public health, and future generations. Post-COP28, strengthening these tribunals, expanding their reach, and ensuring timely enforcement will be key to translating India’s environmental commitments into concrete action. With effective tribunals, informed citizens, and committed policymakers, India can pave the way for a greener, cleaner, and more sustainable future.
